Kim Il-sung Square “was full of excitement and joy of the spectators significantly celebrating the birthday of their great powerful country”, the official Korean Central News Agency reported.

“All the participants paid the highest glory and warmest thanks to Kim Jong-un, peerless patriot and ever-victorious iron-willed commander.”

Kim met the visiting Chinese delegation led by Liu Guozhong, vice-premier of the State Council, the second such visit by top officials from Beijing in six weeks, as Pyongyang shows signs of easing its strict Covid-era border controls.

The two sides announced their aims of “further intensifying the multifaceted coordination and cooperation” between the two countries, according to a separate KCNA report.

Russian diplomats also attended the event, as well as a Russian military song-and-dance ensemble which had arrived in Pyongyang to mark the occasion, KCNA reported.

Moscow expanded its official presence in North Korea shortly before the parade, with its Pyongyang embassy saying this week that it had been allowed to bring in 20 diplomatic and technical staff – the first such rotation of personnel since 2019.

Russian President Vladimir Putin sent Kim a message marking the anniversary, KCNA said on Saturday, in which he called for the two countries to “expand the bilateral ties in all respects”.

And according to Chinese state media, President Xi Jinping “extended congratulations in a call to Kim Jong-un” on the anniversary.

Friday’s event was the nuclear-armed state’s third parade this year.

The last one – a military parade featuring the country’s most advanced weaponry – took place in late July to commemorate the signing of an armistice that ended hostilities in the 1950-53 Korean war.

The Chinese and Russian visits come as speculation mounts that Kim – who rarely leaves his country and has not travelled since the coronavirus pandemic started – will meet Putin to discuss arms deals.

US and other officials told The New York Times that Kim is likely to head by armoured train later this month to Vladivostok, on Russia’s Pacific coast not far from North Korea, to meet Putin.

“Whether or not a Putin-Kim summit soon follows, the United States is attempting to deter serious violations of international law by preemptively releasing intelligence,” said Leif-Eric Easley, a professor at Ewha University in Seoul.

Growing cooperation between China, Russia and North Korea, coupled with Xi skipping the G20 summit in India, “give the appearance of a widening fissure in Asia’s geopolitical landscape”, he said.

“Most stakeholders in the region want to avoid a new Cold War, but this looks increasingly difficult as Beijing and Moscow prop up Pyongyang and North Korea aligns itself with China and Russia’s challenges to the international order.”

Though, he added: “A major Russia-North Korea arms deal, in breach of numerous international sanctions, should worry Beijing.”

The parade came two days after Pyongyang unveiled its first “tactical nuclear attack submarine”, with Kim declaring it part of a “push forward with the nuclear weaponisation of the navy”, although the South Korean military said the vessel might not be operational.

North Korea has conducted a record number of weapons tests this year, and last month failed in its second attempt to put a spy satellite into orbit.

South Korea and the US have ramped up security cooperation in response.