bodyType

customContents

entityId

printArticlePageQuery

filter

article

body

urlAlias

articleSectionsContent

articleSeoArticle

articleSourceHeaderArticle

contentSchemaRenderContent

contentSubHeadlineContent

contentHeadlineContent

mainImagePrintArticleArticle

authorBlockPrintArticleArticle

contentSponsorTagContent

articlePianoPaywallContent

scmpYoutubeContent

hooksTrackPageViewArticle

query printArticlePageQuery(
  $entityId: String!
  $customContents: [CustomContentInput]
  $bodyType: BodyFormatTypeEnum
) {
  article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {
    entityId
    body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {
      json
    }
    urlAlias
    ...articleSectionsContent
    ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4
    ...articleSourceHeaderArticle
    ...contentSchemaRenderContent
    ...contentSubHeadlineContent
    ...contentHeadlineContent
    ...mainImagePrintArticleArticle
    ...authorBlockPrintArticleArticle
    ...contentSponsorTagContent
    ...articlePianoPaywallContent
    ...scmpYoutubeContent
    ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle
    id
  }
}

fragment articlePianoPaywallContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent
}

fragment articleSectionsContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  sections {
    value {
      ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection
      ...entityLink
      name
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {
  ...hooksArticleSeoArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle
  entityId
  publishedDate
  updatedDate
  summary {
    text
  }
  subHeadline {
    text
  }
  body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {
    text
  }
  keywords
  sections {
    value {
      name
      id
    }
  }
  topics {
    name
    entityId
    id
  }
  urlAlias
  authors {
    name
    id
  }
  images {
    style(filter: {style: "768x768"}) {
      url
    }
  }
  readingTime
}

fragment articleSourceHeaderArticle on Article {
  urlAlias
  ...entityLink
}

fragment authorBlockPrintArticleArticle on Article {
  ...defaultArticleDateContent
  ...authorNamesArticle
}

fragment authorNameAuthor on Author {
  ...entityLink
  name
  entityUuid
}

fragment authorNamesArticle on Article {
  authorLocations
  authors {
    entityId
    location
    ...authorNameAuthor
    id
  }
}

fragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentShareWidgetContent
}

fragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  headline
  socialHeadline
  ...contentHeadlineTagContent
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
}

fragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent
}

fragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    relatedNewsletters {
      ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
      id
    }
    id
  }
  sections {
    value {
      relatedNewsletters {
        ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
        id
      }
      id
    }
  }
  ... on Article {
    relatedNewsletters {
      ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...blockquoteQuoteContent
  ...imageContent
  ...inlineWidgetContent
  ...photoGalleryWidgetContent
  ...scmpYoutubeContent
}

fragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  shortUrl
  socialHeadline
  headline
}

fragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent
}

fragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  subHeadline {
    json
  }
  summary {
    json
  }
  ...contentSchemaRenderContent
}

fragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent
}

fragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  __typename
  entityId
  entityUuid
  urlAlias
  urlRedirect {
    toUrl
    id
  }
  application {
    entityId
    id
  }
  ... on Section {
    fullSectionPath {
      entityId
      id
    }
    parentSection
  }
  ...helpersAppBarVariantBase
  ...helpersApplicationBase
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle
  ...helpersStyleSectionContent
}

fragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle
  ...helpersSectionContent
  ...helpersStyleSectionContent
}

fragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {
  __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage
}

fragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {
  name
}

fragment helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle on Article {
  entityId
  types {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
  disableOffPlatformContent
  sponsorType
  published
  ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
}

fragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {
  flattenTypeIds
  liveArticle {
    status
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ... on Article {
    paywallTypes {
      entityUuid
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {
  urlAlias
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {
  urlAlias
}

fragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  sections {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ... on Article {
    types {
      value {
        entityId
        id
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {
  entityId
  name
  alternativeName
  description {
    text
  }
  summary {
    text
  }
  homepageDescription {
    text
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {
  types {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {
  authors {
    types
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {
  authors {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersSectionContent on Section {
  fullSectionPath {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {
  fullSectionPath {
    entityId
    id
  }
}

fragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  topics {
    entityId
    sponsor {
      ...sponsorTagSponsor
      name
      type
      id
    }
    id
  }
  ... on Article {
    sponsorType
  }
  ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent
}

fragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  createdDate
  publishedDate
  updatedDate
}

fragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle
  ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle
  ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent
  ...helpersCheckIsAmpEnabledArticle
  entityId
  headline
  socialHeadline
  types {
    value {
      entityId
      id
    }
  }
  authors {
    entityId
    id
  }
  images {
    generic_og: style(filter: {style: "og_image_scmp_generic"}) {
      url
    }
    styles(filter: {styles: ["og_image_posties_article", "og_postmag", "og_image_style", "og_image_scmp_analysis", "og_image_scmp_explainer", "og_image_scmp_editorial", "og_image_scmp_fact_check", "og_image_scmp_debate", "og_image_scmp_live", "og_image_scmp_obituary", "og_image_scmp_opinion", "og_image_scmp_review", "og_image_scmp_series", "og_image_scmp_generic"]}) {
      url
      style
    }
    type
  }
  urlAlias
}

fragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  __typename
  ... on Article {
    types {
      value {
        name
        entityId
        description {
          text
        }
        id
      }
    }
    ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle
  }
  flag
  sections {
    value {
      name
      id
    }
  }
  ...hooksContentHelperContent
}

fragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle
  ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle
  ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle
  flag
}

fragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle
}

fragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {
  entityId
  publishedDate
  headline
  sections {
    value {
      name
      id
    }
  }
  urlAlias
  authors {
    name
    id
  }
  entityUuid
}

fragment imageContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  headline
  ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent
}

fragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent
}

fragment mainImagePrintArticleArticle on Article {
  images {
    title
    url
    isSlideshow
    size_652x446: style(filter: {style: "652x446"}) {
      url
    }
  }
}

fragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  __typename
  ...contentShareWidgetContent
}

fragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  ...photoGalleryDialogContent
}

fragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {
  __isContent: __typename
  entityId
  urlAlias
  publishedDate
}

fragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {
  name
  type
  images {
    url
  }
}


sections

types

disableOffPlatformContent

sponsorType

published

headline

socialHeadline

authors

images

publishedDate

updatedDate

summary

subHeadline

keywords

topics

readingTime

authorLocations

entityUuid

Craig Addison

They used to be the billion dollar start-ups. Now we call them unicorns, a term coined five years ago by Aileen Lee of Silicon Valley-based Cowboy Ventures. In mythology, unicorns are rare, beautiful creatures. It was the perfect name – until recently.
Now unicorn is taking on new meaning: start-ups that perpetuate the myth that they are worth a billion US dollars.
These days, it does not take much money to claim a US$1 billion valuation – under US$200 million in some cases. Nor do you have to be a leading edge or disruptive tech company. Many unicorns, especially those in China, are simply smartphone apps applied to businesses that have been around for decades.
The 2017 China Unicorn Enterprise Development Report lists 164 Chinese unicorns worth a combined US$628 billion, compared to 132 in the US valued at more than US$700 billion.
Who determines the value of a unicorn? Turns out it is the investors themselves. Online Chinese brokerage Tiger Brokers, backed by Wall Street guru Jim Rogers, said investors putting in US$80 million of C series funding last month determined a valuation of US$1.06 billion. That is despite a global equities slowdown, with Hong Kong stocks hitting a 10 month low last week and mainland Chinese market turnover at a four-year low. A Tiger spokesman did not immediately reply to a question on this matter.
China’s stock exchanges cede Asia crown to Japan as investors flee Chinese equities amid trade war
A study of 135 US unicorns last year found that on average they were 48 per cent above fair value. Nearly half should have been valued at less than US$1 billion, and 13 were more than 100 per cent above, according to researchers at Stanford and the University of British Columbia.
One of the reasons cited for the over valuations were the strings that investors attach to their money. IPO return guarantees were offered to investors by 15 per cent of the US unicorns and seniority over all other investors were given to one third of them.
There does not appear to be much, if any, research on “fair” valuations of Chinese unicorns, but venture capitalists generally agree that valuations in China are a lot higher than their US counterparts. This is usually justified by China’s faster growth rates and a population of 1.4 billion people – although only 55 per cent have internet access. With data touted as the “new oil”, Chinese unicorns also pitch themselves as valuable sources of consumer spending patterns, though in the long term people may be less willing to trade their personal data for free or subsidised products.
 The “huge market” advantage argument does not hold up in some cases. Luckin Coffee, a Chinese cafe chain that promises door-to-door deliveries within 20 minutes, claimed unicorn status after a US$200 million investment round this month, yet on average mainland Chinese only drink 4.5 cups of coffee per annum versus 269 for US consumers.
Luckin Coffee said its valuation was mutually agreed to by the company and its investors. “We can prove its soundness with future performance,” a Luckin spokeswoman said in response to an inquiry.
One group of unicorns that leveraged the billion-plus population to gain funding were the dockless bike sharing companies.
Dozens sprang up two years ago, but after burning through billions of dollars, what’s left is the wreckage (literally) of hundreds of thousands of bikes thrown into rivers and abandoned on streets – and three players that account for more than 90 per cent the market. [To see where a large part of that money ended up, check out these aerial photographs of the “bicycle graveyards” in China, published in SCMP Post Magazine].
Despite the billions invested, none of the Chinese bike sharing companies have made a profit. Consolidation was only a matter of time, with Mobike being bought by internet conglomerate Meituan-Dianping in April for US$2.7 billion.
 Artificial intelligence, a much hyped technology more accurately described as machine learning in its current stage, has given some start-ups the opportunity to boost valuations.
At CES 2017, UBTech Robotics described itself as an intelligent humanoid robot company. A year later, the Chinese company was “a robotics and AI company”. Four months later UBTech was touting “the single largest funding round ever for an artificial intelligence company” after raising US$820 million with a market valuation of US$5 billion.
Emailed inquiries sent to UBTech’s marketing department and public relations firm were not immediately answered.
Ultimately, a unicorn’s true value is only determined when it is sold – either through an IPO or to a third party buyer.
Xiaomi, which briefly held the title of world’s most valuable unicorn a few years ago, launched an IPO in Hong Kong last month with a valuation of US$47 billion, well below the US$100 billion it initially expected.
CEO and founder Lei Jun pitched Xiaomi as an “internet” company, even showing a slide during an IPO briefing where smartphone sales were lumped under “internet sales”. Investors, as well as Chinese securities authorities, did not buy it. They saw a “hardware” company which derived 90 per cent of its revenue from hardware. Lei tried to justify his stance by calling Xiaomi a “new species”.
 Spin is often used by entrepreneurs to hype the value of their start-up but the practice has reached epic proportions with the high stakes race to reach the magical billion dollar valuation. A similar thing happened in Silicon Valley in the late 1990s when businesses from pets to grocery deliveries slapped a dot.com on the end of their name and saw their valuations soar. One key difference: the dot-coms were publicly listed, so nervous investors dumping shares contributed to the inevitable market crash, whereas unicorns are backed by private money seeking an IPO as their exit.
With artificial intelligence overhyped and the sharing economy old hat now, what’s a budding unicorn to do? Thankfully, there’s a new buzz word to help. The number of Chinese companies with “blockchain” in their name soared in the first seven months of the year, with 4,000 registered to July 16 – six times as many compared to the entire year before. In comparison, the US has only 817 “blockchain” companies – about a fifth of the number in China. In the first quarter, 41 per cent of all Chinese start-ups that received funding were blockchain related.
Entrepreneurs and investors better hurry though. When the curtain is pulled back on the unicorn myth, it may reveal they were just ponies with fake horns.
The author is a technology news editor with the South China Morning Post. Follow @craigaddison


The only thing mythical about unicorns these days is their valuation

Unicorns, a term coined five years ago for billion dollar start-ups, used to be rare, but now anyone raising a couple of hundred million dollars can claim that status

A deliveryman leaves a Luckin Coffee store with a takeout box for online sales in Beijing, China July 17, 2018. Picture taken July 17, 2018. REUTERS/Jason Lee

Yahoo workers walk in front of Yahoo headquarters in Sunnyvale, Calif., Wednesday, April 30, 2008. Microsoft Corp. reportedly dangled a higher takeover bid in front of Yahoo Inc. Friday, hoping to reach a friendly deal after weeks of saber rattling. The Redmond, Wash.-based software maker upped its offer "by several dollars" per share, according to a New York Times report that cited unnamed sources. (AP Photo/Paul Sakuma)

An attendee takes a selfie photograph with an Ubtech Robotics Inc. Cruzr robot during the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S., on Thursday, Jan. 11, 2018. Electric and driverless cars will remain a big part of this year's CES, as makers of high-tech cameras, batteries, and AI software vie to climb into automakers' dashboards. Photographer: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg

Impounded bicycles from the bike-sharing operators Mobike and Ofo in Shanghai. Despite the billions invested, none of the Chinese bike sharing companies have made a profit. Photo: AFP

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Unicorns, a term coined five years ago for billion dollar start-ups, used to be rare, but now anyone raising a couple of hundred million dollars can claim that status


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Opinion | The only thing mythical about unicorns these days is their valuation

Unicorns, a term coined five years ago for billion dollar start-ups, used to be rare, but now anyone raising a couple of hundred million dollars can claim that status