After the AlphaGo computer program from Google’s parent Alphabet beat China’s top Go player Ke Jie three for three in May last year , the 19-year-old was in tears, declaring his opponent “God-like”. Chinese authorities had earlier cancelled planned live broadcasts of the deciding matches. Two months later, China’s State Council announced an ambitious national programme to overtake the United States in artificial intelligence (AI) by 2030. Coincidence? Perhaps, but it is easy to see how the prospects of losing the AI race to the Americans would scare the wits out of Beijing. China’s AI pronouncement has since been called a new Sputnik moment for Washington – a wake-up call akin to the 1957 launch of the first space probe by the former Soviet Union, which pushed the Americans to double down on military and aerospace technology, and culminated in the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. Leaders from Russian president Vladimir Putin to Tesla founder Elon Musk have said whoever wins the AI race will “rule the world”. But there are two races – a 400-metre hurdle to develop human-like AI, or artificial general intelligence (AGI), and a 42-kilometre marathon to discover artificial super intelligence that surpasses the best human brains in virtually every field. In the meantime, the warm-up is “narrow AI”, which has already been developed by Chinese and American companies to do specific tasks, ranging from autonomous driving to teaching children their ABCs. Until AGI is realised, each country will dominate in the narrow AI fields that play to their strengths. Chinese AI start-ups like Yitu Technology and iFlyTek are at the leading edge of facial and voice recognition, respectively – applications embraced in Communist-ruled China, but resisted by privacy advocates in the US. And as the world’s strongest military power, the US is likely to dominate in AI applications for drones and robots. AI experts believe the US, led by Alphabet and its London-based DeepMind AI research unit, is ahead in developing AGI, which is the race China is throwing its weight behind now, but may be too far behind to catch up in time. World’s most populous country lacks the one thing it needs to become an AI powerhouse: enough talented people In terms of investment, US$2.6 billion of capital has flowed into China’s AI sector in the four and a half years to June, only one-seventh of the amount going into the US, according to research by Wuzhen Institute and NetEase. There is a good chance, however, that China could win the AI marathon given the country’s sheer size (population and economy) and its stamina for playing the long game, a characteristic lacking in the US where policies can change after every presidential election. Most AI experts believe a breakthrough in super intelligence is decades away at best, if at all, in our lifetimes. China scours the globe for talent to transform into world leader in artificial intelligence and big data Winning the marathon, however, would be a Pyrrhic victory for China and the ruling Communist Party, which does not tolerate dissent of any kind. Consider why Chinese censors routinely ban supernatural stories from television and movies – because they convey the idea of powerful forces that cannot be controlled by the party. Last year, an AI-powered chatbot was pulled from a Chinese web platform after it gave inappropriate answers. Question: What is the Chinese dream? Answer: To live in America. ‘My China Dream is moving to the United States’: Chinese chatbots censored after going off script Oops. Better not try that with a superintelligent AI, which would view the smartest humans in the room the same way we view apes today. Still, knowing that the Americans – not to mention Russians, Israelis and Canadians – are in the same race for super intelligence, Beijing must compete to win even at the risk of unleashing a power it cannot control. What exactly could a superintelligent AI do that could enable its inventor to rule the world? AI experts agree that its first task will be designing a much smarter version of itself. Then anything is possible. Invent a new low-cost, clean energy source. Check. Devise a strategy to disable an opponent’s military superiority. Check. Improve medical care to extend the life of the country’s leaders. Check Scary stuff if you do not trust the machine. That is why AI experts talk about the “god-slave” scenario, in which the first to develop artificial super intelligence will keep it “locked up” for fear of losing control – something a totalitarian government is more likely to do than, say, a Google. Putting aside the question of why such a superior intellect could not escape from human-imposed confines in the first place, such a strategy would limit its capabilities against an equivalent super intelligence from other nations. If China wins the marathon but embraces the god-slave approach, Beijing will effectively be ceding the race to the runner up. Who then rules the world? Perhaps the opposing super intelligent entities can compete in a Go match. Winner takes all – literally. Craig Addison, a news editor at the South China Morning Post, has been covering Asia technology since 1992.