Outgunned Philippine Air Force takes on South China Sea defence
Manila is spending billions to transform its underfunded air arm into a maritime shield against Beijing

For decades, the Philippine Air Force hunted communist rebels and Islamist militants in the country’s forests and southern islands.
Since 2013, when the Philippine military’s modernisation programme entered its first phase, known as Horizon 1, the air force has steadily rebuilt basic capabilities lost to years of underinvestment.
Newer platforms had expanded the air force’s operational range and improved interoperability with allies, said Vincent Kyle Parada, a former defence analyst for the Philippine Navy and a lecturer at De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde.

This was “crucial” for the air force to move on from “internal security operations towards a more active role in territorial defence and deterrence in the South China Sea”, he said.